|
|||||||||
Home
> Food Sensitivities
Food SensitivitiesFood Allergies, Celiac Disease, Milk Intolerance & Nutritional Issues Children and adults with ADD and associated disorders including depression, emotional lability, asthma, recurrent ear infections and learning difficulties have been found to be allergic to common foods such as wheat, rye, barley, oats, milk, eggs, yeast, peanuts, chocolate, oranges, tomatoes, shellfish, food additives, artificial colourings and preservatives, caffeine and wine. Food not only provides energy and the structural building blocks for growth and repair of cells it is also a source of information. Food allergies and other adverse reactions to food can manifest in a multitude of different ways. Respiratory System
Skin
Digestive System
Brain and Nervous System
Miscellaneous
FOOD ALLERGY - adverse reactions to foods which are primarily caused by the immune system. TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY A Type I hypersensitivity is an immune system reaction which is responsible for an immediate allergic reaction such as rhinitis (hay fever) and anaphylaxis. Mast cells which line all entrances to the body and found in all locations in the body, primarily defend the body against parasitic infection. In a Type I hypersensitivity, antigens break through the skin or mucous membranes of the respiratory or digestive tracts and are greeted by mast cells which set off a violent explosion. When a person has an immediate Type I hypersensitivity, their mast cells are covered with lots of allergy promoting antibodies (large protein molecules produced by the immune system) known as IgE. Each antibody is specifically designed to attach to one particular antigen. (There are 5 classes of antibodies each with a different role in the immune system IgA, IgD, IgE. Ig G, IgM). This means that mast cells of allergic individuals are covered with vast amounts of IgE designed to attack only those antigens to which they are allergic. These allergy generating antibodies are known as allergens. If large numbers of allergens attach to IgE molecules on mast cells, they set off a chain reaction releasing alarm molecules such as histamines and leukotrines which cause immediate inflammation, redness, swelling, mucous, hives, nasal congestion, coughing sneezing, red and itching eyes. Mast cells in the digestive tract react differently to food allergens. Huge amounts of allergens may cross the mucous membrane of the gut and travel throughout the body activating mast cells in other locations distant from the digestive tract. Therefore food allergies are accompanied by hives, fatigue, malaise, headaches, stomach pains, irritability, hyperactivity, and "mental fog" and antihistamines have no place in the treatment of food allergies because a wide variety of inflammatory molecules are released in the gut. Recent research indicates that mast cells within the GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) may release their contents under circumstances not associated with Type I hypersensitivity. For example, mast cells in the gut may release their contents when directly stimulated by nerve endings, or when communicated to by neuropeptides (released from nerves or absorbed from the diet if digestion is inefficient or the gut is leaky) or a variety of inflammatory mediators released from other immune cells. This is in direct contrast to what immunologists and allergy specialist have been taught i.e. that food allergy only exists when specific IgE molecules on the surface of mast cells are stimulated by specific allergens. Recent estimates that Type 1 hypersensitivity based on food allergens occurs between 3-5 % in children (as high as 8 %) and between 1-2 % in adults does not account for the much higher incidence of adverse reactions to food in the general population. Furthermore, when ADHD children are placed on a high-quality, low allergy potential diet, 75% or more showed marked improvement in overall health, behaviour and cognitive performance. This cannot be explained by Type I hypersensitivity alone (Lyon 2000). TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY Although very important in defending the body against foreign invaders, this type of hypersensitivity is unlikely to play a major role in food allergies as it does not involve specific IgE antibodies. Instead the body manufactures IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies to defend itself against invasion. This occurs to some extent in leaky gut (increased permeability of gut membrane) where whole cells e.g. bacteria, yeasts, undigested food cross the mucous membrane of the gut and have to be destroyed through Type II hypersensitivity reactions. The end result of Type II hypersensitivity is the release of inflammatory mediators from the immune cells. TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY This may yet prove to be the most important class of immune reactions for those experiencing adverse food reactions, particularly children and adults with hard-to-pinpoint, delayed food allergies. Type III hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies and antigens combine together in the blood stream to form large complexes called immune complexes. These stimulate immune cells to release inflammatory molecules which can lead to an extraordinary variety of symptoms. Very common in snake bite victims who have been given an antidote made with horse serum (serum sickness). Type III hypersensitivity is amplified when gut permeability is increased. These reactions are delayed (4-6 hours) and if a person keeps eating a food which provokes a Type III hypersensitivity, they may never associate specific foods with specific adverse reactions and may simply experience poor health with no apparent cause. Type III hypersensitivity is also thought to be associated with food addictions. People with food allergies often crave the very foods they are allergic to. When placed on an elimination diet they may feel like "death warmed over" for the first 3-10 days and experience "allergen withdrawal syndrome". This occurs because of a transient serum sickness-like event that occurs when allergenic foods are suddenly withdrawn form the diet. When a person regularly eats foods to which they are allergic, immune complexes formed are small and numerous. High numbers of small immune complexes create vague and hard to define symptoms. Once the food is withdrawn, smaller numbers of very large immune complexes are formed and have to wait for a few days before being cleared by the immune system. Large complexes provoke more severe symptoms. Headaches, muscle and joint pains, stomach aches, mood swings, malaise, cognitive, emotional and behavioural changes commonly occur during this withdrawal phase. If the allergic food is eaten during this phase, theses individuals experience a short-term "high" most likely caused by the release of stress hormones, increased sympathetic nervous system activity or the release of "opioid" peptides from nerve endings or immune cells in the gut. This would explain why these individuals are very reluctant to eliminate favourite foods from their diets. Opioids have been implicated, in animal studies, in delaying neuron and glial development (Zagon, McLaughlin, 1990) dendrite development (Hauser, McLaughlin, Zagon, 1989), and brain development (Zagon, McLaughlin, 1984). Food addictions seem to be most common with dairy or wheat allergy. TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY In Type IV hypersensitivity, specialised immune cells (natural killer cells) become highly sensitised to specific antigens and attack those antigens without the need for the production of antibodies. This type of hypersensitivity is a very slow reacting process which has been implicated in celiac disease (gluten intolerance) and is also thought to be a contributing factor in Crohn's disease (inflammatory bowel disease).
FOOD INTOLERANCE - adverse reactions to foods which are not primarily caused by the immune system. CELIAC DISEASE Celiac disease (also called celiac spruce) is caused by an intolerance to gluten, a component of wheat, rye, barley and oats. Gluten contains a protein called alpha-gliadin and in persons with this disease this protein causes a reaction in the mucous lining of the intestine. The villi lining the small intestine suffer damage and destruction, which impairs the body's ability to absorb vital nutrients. Malabsorption becomes a serious problem, and the loss of vitamins, minerals, and calories results in malnutrition despite an adequate diet. Diarrhea compounds the problem. Since digestion is impaired, food allergies may also appear. There appears to be a very strong familial pattern of food intolerance, which may also include patterns of digestive enzyme deficiencies disease (Dohan 1972; Horvath, Horn, Bodanszky, Toth, Varadi, 1983; Leung, Robson, 1996 ). Lactose intolerance also often accompanies celiac disease. Kaczmarski, Kurzatkowska (1988) have reported a very high familial incidence of cow's milk intolerance in the families (34%) of children with cow's milk intolerance and a 13.3% family incidence of gluten intolerance in the families of children with celiac disease Similar familial patterns have also been observed regarding ADHD patients (Biederman, Faraone, Keenan, 1992; Sandberg, 1996; Hechtman, 1996). Investigations of children of short stature has revealed that 5% to 20% of these children have celiac disease (Arucchio, et al, 1988). Celiac disease is often misdiagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon as many physicians are not aware of the various symptoms associated with gluten intolerance. Many people therefore go a long time before being diagnosed correctly, and often they identify themselves because of what they have read or heard about the disease. The latest estimates for the prevalence of this condition in the US is 1:150 and the only thing that is rare about it is diagnosis. Europe is ahead of the US, and Italy (1 in 7 children) requires testing of every 7 year old child. A study done in Italy found the prevalance in Northern Italy to be twice that of Southern Italy. Susceptibility to celiac disease is a genetically transmitted trait which has been associated with genetically coded immune system factors identified as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) (Auricchio, Greco, Troncone, 1988). There is a significant association with HLA B8, which has also been demonstrated in 10% to 30% of European populations (Ammerman, Cavalli-Svorsa, 1984). Other HLA factors have been demonstrated to have an even stronger association with celiac disease, but the HLA B8 is found in more than 80% of celiac patients (Cooke & Holmes, 1984). Depression has also been asserted to be the most prevalent symptom of celiac disease (Cooke & Holmes 1984) and reported as very common by others ( Addolorato, Stefanini, Capristo, Caputo, Gasbarrini, 1996; Holmes 1996; Pellegrino, DAltilia, Germano, 1995; Hallert, Astrom, Walan, 1983) which is thought to be a function of central monoamine metabolism dysfunction (Hallert, Martensson, Allgen, 1982) or due to reduced serotonin binding sites on the platelets of celiac patients (Chiaravalloti, Marazziti, Batistini, Favilli, Ughi, Ceccarelli, Cassano, 1997). Celiac disease affects both adults and children, and can appear at any age. It can be triggered by emotional stress, physical trauma, a viral infection, pregnancy or surgery. It often appears in babies when they are first introduced to cereal foods at around three or four months of age. A baby with celiac disease may gain weight more slowly than normal or may lose weight. The infant may have a poor appetite, flatulence, and offensive smelling bowel movements. Infants and children may exhibit stunted growth, vomiting, an intense burning sensation in the skin and a red itchy skin rash called dermatitis herpetiformis. Children are likely to have an anemic, undernourished appearance. Ulcers may develop in the mouth. Celiac spruce may trail off in adolescence only to reappear, in some instances, in adults in their thirties or forties. The first signs are often weight loss, diarrhea and nutritional deficiencies such as anemia. Other symptoms include nausea, abdominal swelling, large and frequently pale and/or light-yellow coloured stools that float, depression, irritability, muscle cramps and wasting, and joint and/or bone pain. There is a great deal of evidence suggesting that gluten may also contribute to the rapidly increasing incidence of malignancy. Gluten has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, bi-polar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism (Dohan et al., 1969; Singh & Kay, 1976; Reichelt, et al, 1990a). Gluten produces exorphins which are opioid-acting peptides derived from external sources, instead of being synthesized within the body. These exogenous opioids have been shown to bind to the same cellular receptors that endogenous opioids bind to, thus impacting on the immune system, nerve function, myelination processes, vascular walls, neuromuscular function, and a variety of CNS functions. As may be expected, such opioids can have an anaesthetizing, analgesic, and addictive effect. Zioudrou et al. (1979) identified some opioid peptides in the digests of wheat prolamines and dairy proteins which have opioid activity, and Fukudome and Yoshikawa (1992) have since characterized 15 separate amino acid sequences of gluten-exorphin A-5 in a single molecule of wheat. It bears noting that four other opioid-acting amino acid sequences have also been identified in wheat protein and may also occur in multiple regions of the proteins in this very common food ( Fukudome & Yoshikawa, 1992). It is also likely that passage of at least some of these exorphins into the blood, as is witnessed by anti-gliadin antibodies, is occurring in at least 15% of the random population (Arnason, et al., 1992). There is also a significant population of patients with autism, schizophrenia, and bi-polar disorder, many of whom do not mount a discernable antibody response to these proteins, but whose symptoms improve on a diet which excludes them (Reichelt, 1996). One sequence of amino acids which has been identified in abundant quantity in both wheat and cow's milk is similar to melanocyte-stimulating-hormone-release-inhibiting factor (MIF) which has been shown to enhance CNS dopaminergic activity in animals (Mycroft et al,1982). A condition of increased central dopaminergic activity has long been associated with ADHD and a variety of other psychiatric conditions (Gill, Daly, Heron, Hawi, Fitzgerald, 1997; Raskin, Shaywitz, Shaywitz, Anderson, Cohen, 1984). The earliest report that opioid peptides could be derived from food proteins is probably that of Zioudrou et al.(1979). This group named exorphins and established their functional similarity to morphine. They reported that Naloxone, a morphine antagonist, blocked 70% of gluten-derived exorphin activity, while blocking 100% of milk-derived exorphin activity. Animal studies conducted by the same group show that these exorphins will bind to opiate receptors in the brain. Gluten-derived opioids are thought to have a much greater potency than those derived from milk, and the former are claimed to have a potency that is a small fraction of that of morphine (Huebner, Lieberman, Rubino, Wall, 1984), so the signs of behavioural impact would likely be much more subtle than is seen in morphine addiction There was evidence almost thirty years ago, from double blind trials that some schizophrenics benefited from exclusion of gluten and dairy from their diets (Dohan, et al, 1969; Singh & Kay, 1976. The patients in question were released earlier than previous patients who had consumed a regular diet These positive results were replicated by all the researchers who worked within the clear and simple parameters outlined by Dohan. It was a decade after publication of the first clinical trial of this diet with schizophrenics, that Zioudrou et al. (1979) published their discovery of morphine-like peptides in the digests of wheat and dairy products, thus providing subsequent support for the application of the exorphin hypothesis to schizophrenia. Opioids, in general, have been implicated in sleep onset (Wilson, Dorosz , 1984) and hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis function (Hoggan, 1997b). Reduced attention may be the result of the CNS attachment of opioid-acting exorphins. Paul et al. (1985) have indicated that exorphins can stay in the circulation of celiac children for as long as a year after consumption of gluten. Since there are five known types of opioids which have been isolated from proteins in wheat, and eight which have been isolated from milk proteins the number of possible variations in presentations should amount to the square of the sum of these two numbers. If left untreated celiac disease can be quite serious, even life threatening. Bone disease, central and peripheral nervous system impairment, internal hemorrhaging, pancreatic disorders, infertility, miscarriages and gynecological disorders are just some of the long term maladies that can complicate celiac disease. It also increases the risk of developing intestinal lymphoma and other intestinal malignancies. Certain autoimmune disorders can also be associated with celiac disease, including dermatitis herpetiformis, kidney disease (nephrosis), sarcoidosis (the foramtion of lesions in the lungs, bones, skin, and other places) insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid disease, and rarely chronic active hepatitis, sclerodoma, myasthenia gravis, Addisons disease, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogern's syndrome. Celiac disease is increasingly being linked to epilepsy, autism, schizophrenia, depression and chronic fatigue syndrome (Lancet). Endorphin-like substances may be created in celaic disease and together with increased gut permeability allows absorption of these substances into the brain. Delays in neuron, glia, dendrite, and brain development have also been associated with opioid peptides (Hauser, et al., 1989; Zagon, et al., 1991; Zagon, et al., 1984). Recommendations Avoidance of all foods which contain gluten (wheat, rye, barley, oats) is essential as is adequate vitamin intake. Eliminate milk as Investigation of ADHD subjects for deficiencies of digestive enzymes may thereby be very revealing. Processed foods should be avoided and all labels need to be carefully read. Watch for hidden sources of gluten such as hydrolysed vegetable protein, textured vegetable protein and hydrolysed plant protein. Avoid all derivatives of wheat, rye, barley and oats such as malt, modified food starch, some soy sauces, grain vinegars, binders, fillers, excipients and natural flavourings. Do not eat sugary products, boullion cubes, bottled salad dressings, chocolate. People with celiac disease need fibre and foods rich in iron and B vitamins. Rice, nuts, sunflower seeds, raisins, figs, seedy fruits (raspberries, strawberries, blackberries) are suitable. Celiac disease causes malabsorption of the B vitamins and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K so ensure adequate intake of these vitamins in addition to vitamin C. Barley grass is a good source of Vitamin K. Ensure an adequate intake of the minerals iron, zinc (and copper to balance the zinc), calcium, magnesium and N-acetylglucosamine (forms the basis of complex molecular structures in the mucous membrane of the intestinal lining). Essential fatty acid supplementation is also necessary for the villi in the intestines. Proteolytic enzymes to aid in digestion and absorption are also useful. Use supplements that are hypoallergenic, wheat-free and yeast-free. Drink at least 8 glasses of filtered water per day. "Dietary compliance is an intense learning experience. Errors are the rule, not the exception, as one learns the pitfalls of such a diet in the context of a culture inundated with gluten" (Hoggan 1998). "One of the most important skills that children and adults with ADHD must learn is how to properly feed their own brains for life" (Lyon, p121).
This article is an extract from the THE CLINICAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY FORUM. Does milk really look good on you? As Dr. Frank Oski explains in his book "Don't Drink Your Milk!", the milk of each species appears to have been specifically designed to protect the young of that species.....Heating, sterilization, or modification of the milk in any way destroys the protection. There is a tremendous difference between human babies and baby calves and a corresponding difference between the milk intended to nourish human babies and baby calves. It takes about 180 days for a human infant to double its birth weight, and human milk is five to seven percent protein. It takes only 45 days for a calf to double its birth weight and cow's milk is 15 percent protein. This protein in cow's milk is of a different composition than that of human milk and is poorly assimilated in the human body. The primary type of protein in cow's milk is casein. According to Dr. John R. Christopher, N.D., M.H., there is up to 20 times more casein in cow's milk than human milk which References: NOTE: The referenced website links are highly recommended, to return to the LDPS website, simply use the "Back" button on your browser. Alexander, P (1997): It could be allergy and it can be cured. Ethicare Pty. Ltd. Lyon, M (2000): Healing the Hyperactive Brain. Focussed Publications Hoggan, R (1998): Application of the Exorphin Hypothesis to ADHD: A theoretical Framework. Masters Thesis, University of Calgary. Many ADHD and associated disorders and mental illnesses are postulated to be exacerbated by the ingestion of gluten (wheat, rye, barley, oats) and casein (cow's milk) and backed up by a thorough scientific literature search. Osiecki, H (1998): The Physician's Handbook of Clinical Nutrition. Bioconcepts Publishing Pelton, R & LaValle, J.B (2000): The Nutritional Cost of Prescription Drugs. Morton Publishing Company Rapp, D (1981): Diet and Hyperactivity. Paediatrics. 67 (6), 937-938 Trenev, N (1998): Probiotics: Natures internal healers; Your body's first line of defense against most common diseases. Avery Publishing Group Wadley, G & Martin, A (2000): The origins of agriculture a biological perspective and a new hypothesis. Journal of the Australasian College of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine. Vol. 19, No. 1, April 2000, pages 3-12. See http://www.acnem.org/journal/19-1_april_2000/origins_of_agriculture.htm for full article. This article is well worth reading as it explores the pharmacological properties of cereals and milk and the possible link between diet and mental illness. Exorphins opioid activity in wheat, rye, barley and oats and casomorphin (in bovine [cow's] and human milk) have been shown to be absorbed from the intestine and can produce effects such as analgesia and reduction in anxiety usually associated with poppy-derived opioids (heroin and morphine). The questions raised in this article "Are cereals and milk chemically rewarding and are humans somehow addicted to these foods?" are thought provoking and the arguments presented are certainly food for thought. |
Related Topics: | ||||||||
Site empowered by |